Synonyme (en) |
Retained testes
Undescended testicle
|
Français | Cryptorchidie |
Synonyme (fr)
|
Cryptorchidisme
|
Allemand
|
Kryptorchismus
|
Latin | Retentio testis |
Gènes
|
Gènes candidats (>200)
AKR1C gen family, INSL3, RXFP2, CALCA, ESR1, AR, HOX, SOX, DAX, FGF (Ghosh S 2015, Ghosh S et al 2016)
RXFP2 (relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2), Pujar S et al 2012
AMH (Anti-Müllerian hormone), Ball BA et al 2008 Hypothèses
Tares d’origine polygénique et effets géniques en cascade (Diribarne M et al 2009) Gènes spécifiques à des races; le testicule intra-abdominal, le testicule inguinal ou d’autres anomalies urogénitales correspondent à des caractères différents (Stout TAE 2013) |
Chromosomes |
Par exemple
ECA7 (AMH), ECA17 (RXFP2), ECA29 (AKR1C) |
OMIA#
|
OMIA 000243-9796 : Cryptorchidism in Equus caballus
|
NCBI gene
|
|
Mutations
|
CNV, AKR1C
CNV (Variabilité du nombre de copies d’un gène, copy number variants) dans une région de ECA29; délétion de 300 kb dans ECA29; the deletion disrupted a cluster of AKR1C genes (Ghosh S et al 2012, 2014, 2015; Ghosh S 2015; Raudsepp T et al 2012) RXFP2
“Of the three candidate genes for isolated cryptorchidism four intronic SNPs were identified in RXFP2, and no variants were identified in CALCA or INSL3” (Pujar S et al 2012) |
Mode de transmission
|
Transmission héréditaire complexe et hétérogène. Le mode de transmission n’est pas encore identifié. Observations et hypothèses: prédisposition familiale, caractère monogénique autosomique dominant, monogénique autosomique récessif, lié au sexe, polygénique (Leipold HW et al 1986, cit. in Basrur PK et al 2004) Héritabilité: 0.30-0.45 (Eriksson S et al 2013, 2015) |
Caractères / maladie
|
Cryptorchidie: absence d'un ou des deux testicules dans le scrotum. Chez les chevaux, le testicule descend pendant une période couvrant 30 jours avant et 10-30 jours après la naissance. Dans la majorité des cas, la cryptorchidie est unilatérale. La majorité des testicules sont observés dans le canal inguinal (palpation, échographie), dans le cas contraire, il peut s’agir d’un testicule intra-abdominal (testicule gauche > droite; proportion 25:10, Cox JE et al 1979; Ortved K 2014). Il n’existe pas de thérapie hormonale qui assure la descente d’un testicule (Aurich C, 2008). La cryptorchidie peut apparaître comme tare isolée ou comme composante d’une autre tare congénitale avec réversion du sexe ou aberration chromosomique (seulement quelques pourcents des testicules cryptorchides), par exemple
Pathophysiologie
Troubles de la spermatogénèse; processus anormal de maturation des cellules de Sertoli dans le testicule cryptorchide. Une expression anormale du gène AMH (=> possibilité de diagnostic, Claes ANJ 2013, 2014a, 2014b), AR, CDKN1B, Cx43, FGF10, HOXA10, HOXA11, HSD3B1, INSL3, RXFP2 a été observée (Ball BA et al 2008; Almeida J et al 2013; Pujar S et al 2012; Raudsepp T et al 2013) Des facteurs hormonaux (androgènes; hormone anti-müllerienne (AMH)), mécaniques (adhérences abdominales du testicule, persistance des dérivés müllériens, canal inguinal trop étroit (dysfonction du gubernaculum testis, Ortved K 2014), etc.), génétiques et épigénétiques sont décisifs pour une migration infructueuse du testicule. (Raudsepp T et al 2013) Conséquences
Troubles comportementaux: comportement agressif potentiel (étalon pif; all. Klopphengst, Spitzhengst; engl. ridgling, rig, ridgel, ridgeling). Risques: Tumeurs malignes des testicules (Basrur PK et al 2004; Edwards JF 2008; Pratt S et al 2003; Smith BL et al 1989) Autres sources: Angus O. McKinnon et al (Ed.) Equine Reproduction 2011, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN: 978-0-8138-1971-6 Bhanu P. Chowdhary, Equine Genomics, 2013, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN: 978-0-8138-1563-3 |
Contraintes |
Restriction d’une fonction organique (organes génitaux); La qualité de la vie peut être affectée; troubles du comportement qui peut rendre difficile la cohabitation avec des congénères; les animaux atteints ne peuvent parfois pas être détenus conformément à leurs besoins; risque d’automutilation; risque de frustration et de mauvais traitements si le cheval est puni injustement. La castration est rendue considérablement plus difficile et plus coûteuse. Les critères déterminants pour l’évaluation des contraintes sont en particulier:
Stratégie d’élevage et mesures
Parents
Accouplements ciblés, modification de la stratégie d’élevage et des mesures de sélection (les parents d’animaux atteints doivent être exclus de l’élevage). Descendants atteints
Diagnostic (examen spécifique andrologique; Grunert K 2012, analyse du taux de AMH, Claes ANJ 2013, 2014a, 2014b; Murase H 2015; Parker RA 2015); diagnostic différentiel: la très rare agénésie gonadique (monorchidie; Basrur PK et al 1969); dans tous les cas, les animaux atteints doivent être exclus de l’élevage ; correction chirurgicale (gonadectomie). |
Races
|
American Standardbred (trotteur américain), American Saddle horse, arabe, percheron, quarter horse, trotteur français, pur-sang anglais et races de poney semblent prédisposés (Diribarne M et al 2009; Basrur PK et al 2004; Hayes HM 1986); toutes les races Races asines (Kumi-Diaka J et al 1981) |
% de porteurs |
2-8% (Cox JE et al 1979; Ghosh S et al, 2014; Raudsepp T et al 2012) Cheval islandais: chez les chevaux âgés de 4 à 5 ans, le testicule gauche était présent dans le scrotum dans 97,7% et le droite dans 81,4% des cas (Grunert K 2012). 9% de cryptorchidie chez les poulains de 12 mois (Eriksson S et al 2013, 2015). Ânes: 30% (Kumi-Diaka J et al 1981) |
Fondateur | Pas publié |
Test ADN
|
NON
|
Remarques
|
--
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- ISBN 978-0-8138-1971-6
- Description, contenu, auteurs http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0813819717.html
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